Abstract ：

In collaborative crowdsourcing communities for open innovation, users generate and submit ideas as idea co-creators. Firms then select and implement valuable ideas for new product development. Despite the popularity and success of these open innovation communities, relatively little is known about the factors that determine the implementation of the user-generated ideas. Based on research on individual creativity, we propose a conceptual model integrating users' previous experience, idea presentation characteristics and feedback valence to explain the likelihood of idea implementation. We validate our research model with a panel data analysis of 43 550 ideas submitted by 16 360 users in the MIUI new product development community hosted by Xiaomi, a large electronics manufacturing company in China. We find an inverted U-shaped relationship between users' past successful experience and idea implementation. Furthermore, the length of ideas is positively associated with the likelihood of idea implementation. There is also an inverted U-shaped relationship between supporting evidence and idea implementation. Finally, we demonstrate the negative effect of positive feedback and the positive effect of negative feedback on idea implementation. These findings offer rich insights to understand the phenomenon of open innovation better. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Keyword ：

crowdsourcing feedback valence idea implementation likelihood open innovation past failure past success

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Abstract ：

Traditionally, consumers purchase physical music (often in the form of CDs or cassettes) from local retailers. With the development of Internet technology, the market share of digital music has grown rapidly in recent years. Unlike physical music, digital music is provided by several emerging digital music providers through the Internet to consumers. Pricing models of digital music are also drastically different from those of physical music. In this study, we identify three common schemes for selling digital music: ownership, subscription and mixed pricing models. Under the ownership model, consumers purchase and download their preferred songs and enjoy music using their local devices. Under the subscription model, music is provided through an online streaming service. The mixed pricing model is a combination of the previous two. Our paper explores and compares the three pricing models. Through a stylized model, we find that several factors, including the advertisement revenue rate and consumers' reservation value for the music service, have crucial effects on the comparison of the three pricing models.

Keyword ：

ad-sponsored business model digital music pricing models subscription

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Abstract ：

Offering promotional programs is a common strategy for firms to induce consumers to make purchases. This paper investigates promotional programs in the market of cloud computing. We identified the following two popular forms of promotional programs for cloud computing services in this paper: the coupon and the free trial promotional program. We first studied the cloud provider's promotional strategies in the market with complete information and identified the conditions under which each promotional strategy is optimal. The results show that targeted promotional programs are more profitable than untargeted programs. Further, the provider should offer a targeted coupon program in the case of a higher usage cost, weaker network effects and a lower quantity of clients' tasks to process. In addition, this paper explores the case of incomplete information and finds that the provider will offer untargeted coupons, untargeted trials, or no promotional programs for optimal profits. Finally, this paper studies the scenario in which clients are uncertain about the valuations of the cloud service a priori. We show that trial programs will be more advantageous under such scenario compared to the scenario when clients exhibit no uncertainty.

Keyword ：

Cloud computing free trials online promotion product information promotional coupons promotional programs

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Abstract ：

Low service quality in the utility sector (electricity, water, natural gas, etc.) is a major obstacle to economic advancement in developing countries. This paper provides an explanation for low quality of service through examining the rational responses of firms (utility providers) to subsidy policy. Cross-subsidies are widely applied to spur poor households' consumption of utility services. This raises the issue of whether charging lower prices to poor households, while boosting their consumption, induces firms to lower the quality of service received by these households. We specify an analytical model in which the government may not fully cover the firm's deficit from subsidizing poor households. Our main findings are: 1) when government transfers fail to cover this deficit, the firm reduces quality for subsidized consumers; 2) the difference in quality across consumer income groups might be reduced by an increase in the amount of government transfers. This paper also identifies several directions for future research, including the impacts of cross-subsidies on social welfare and a better design of subsidy funding mechanism.

Keyword ：

Cross-subsidies Market segmentation Utility service quality

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Abstract ：

政府委托企业代储应急物资是现实中普遍采用的一种应急物资管理策略,代储企业的努力程度对于保障应急物资的可靠供应具有关键性的作用,但由于代储企业与政府之间存在追求目标的差异,以及信息透明化方面受客观条件制约等因素,代储企业可能会因为长期的“太平无事”而产生倦怠,或者为追求经济效益而减少应有的付出,导致总体的努力程度下降,给应急条件下的物资供应带来隐患.鉴于此,论文采用供应链契约激励的理论,建立政企之间的利益博弈模型,分析政府的激励方式和激励数额对应急物资代储企业努力程度的影响,通过数值仿真寻找最优的参数设置,在此基础上,设计符合实际需要的应急物资代储激励契约,制定相应的奖惩规则,从而为政府有效管理应急物资代储企业,提高其努力程度,提升应急条件下应急物资供应保障能力提供了理论支撑.

Keyword ：

激励契约设计 努力程度 委托代储系统 应急物资管理

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Abstract ：

政府委托企业代储应急物资是现实中普遍采用的一种应急物资管理策略，代储企业的努力程度对于保障应急物资的可靠供应具有关键性的作用，但由于代储企业与政府之间存在追求目标的差异，以及信息透明化方面受客观条件制约等因素，代储企业可能会因为长期的“太平无事”而产生倦怠，或者为追求经济效益而减少应有的付出，导致总体的努力程度下降，给应急条件下的物资供应带来隐患。鉴于此，论文采用供应链契约激励的理论，建立政企之间的利益博弈模型，分析政府的激励方式和激励数额对应急物资代储企业努力程度的影响，通过数值仿真寻找最优的参数设置，在此基础上，设计符合实际需要的应急物资代储激励契约，制定相应的奖惩规则，从而为政府有效管理应急物资代储企业，提高其努力程度，提升应急条件下应急物资供应保障能力提供了理论支撑。

Keyword ：

激励契约设计 努力程度 委托代储系统 应急物资管理

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Keyword ：

激励契约设计 努力程度 委托代储系统 应急物资管理

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Abstract ：

A group purchasing organization (GPO) is an entity that utilizes collective buying power to obtain significant discounts from vendors, which can be suppliers, distributors and manufacturers. In the healthcare sector, it is reported that about 72% of hospital purchases are settled through GPO contracts. This paper seeks to examine two critical questions that vendors face: (1) business strategy: does partnering with a GPO to offer quantity discounts make strategic sense? And, if so, (2) pricing policy: what price will yield optimal, maximum profits in such a relationship? Using a linear quantity discount scheme, we find that the size of GPO members strongly influences the vendor's decision to contract (or not) with the GPO. Furthermore, we show that vendors should price their products close to the reservation prices of the GPO members if the vendors indeed wish to pursue such partnerships. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keyword ：

Group purchasing organization Market segmentation Optimal pricing Price sensitivity Quantity discount

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Abstract ：

We study an enterprise software vendor's decision on three prominent licensing models-on-premises, software as a service (SaaS), and hybrid. Our findings indicate that both the customers' estimation of the future software quality improvement and network effects play critical roles in the software vendor's choice of optimal licensing models. If the network effects are weak, the enterprise software vendor should choose the on-premises model when customers have a low estimation of the software quality improvement in the upgrade version. The hybrid model should be implemented if this estimation is in the mid-range, while the SaaS model generates the highest profit when customers believe that the upgrade version will have a significant improvement in software quality. As the network effects become stronger, the on-premises model will be dominated by the other two licensing models and is never optimal. In the event of a high upgrade cost and strong network effects, SaaS becomes the best licensingmodel due to its multitenancy nature.

Keyword ：

enterprise software network effects on-premises license SaaS software as a service software licensing software quality uncertainty

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Abstract ：

Individuals working on troubled software projects are often reluctant to report bad news concerning the project to senior management. This problem may be particularly acute when a subordinate must bypass their direct manager because the manager engages in a wrongful effort to suppress the bad news, which is the context for our study. In this research, we examine the impacts of organizational commitment, interpersonal closeness, and Confucian ethics on individuals' willingness to report bad news that is deliberately hidden from upper management and we do this in the Chinese culture context. Based on data collected from 158 Chinese software engineers, we found that organizational commitment positively affects individuals' willingness to report, while interpersonal closeness with the wrongdoer negatively affects willingness to report. With respect to the influence of Confucian ethics, our findings suggest that: (1) individuals' ethical disposition toward loyalty between sovereign and subject (interpreted in this research as loyalty to one's organization) strengthens the positive effect of organizational commitment on willingness to report, and (2) individuals' ethical disposition on trust between friends strengthens the negative effect of interpersonal closeness with the wrongdoer on willingness to report. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Keyword ：

Confucian ethics Interpersonal closeness IT project management Organizational commitment Whistleblowing

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